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所谓文献,文,是文本记载,献,就是口头相传的。文献的基本要素是：1.有历史价值和研究价值的知识;2.一定的载体;3.一定的方法和手段;4.一定的意义表达和记录体系。人们通常所理解文献是指图书、期刊、典章所记录知识的总和。文献是记录、积累、传播和继承知识的较一律手段，是人类社会活动中获取情报的较基本、较主要的来源，也是交流传播情报的较基本手段。文献翻译一般指对不同类型、不同语言的文献所记载的信息内容进行翻译，以达到信息互通、文献思想交流的目的。

文献翻译原文：

AFTER-DINNER speakers and musical essayists, in want of a fitting subject for a heated and eloquent discourse, have often seized upon the question, “What makes American music American?” All the arguments for an American school of composition, on one basis or another, have failed to produce as convincing proof a sufficient mass of musical works founded on any one of their tenets. The final alloy has yet to come from the proverbial melting-pot of America, if ever one combination can be discovered that will represent our vast and diversified population as a single unit. Even under the political unity of our Federal Constitution, we can hardly hope for anything other than a continual struggle between the diverse economic and temperamental viewpoints of east and west, north and south, town and country, mountain and plain. How can we expect a unity of musical expression in the face of such varied social, climatic, and racial differences if our music is to be what it should be, a true reflection of the vital background from which it springs? To be sure, we live in an age of restlessness, wherein a man seldom remains to pass his mature years in his natal town. This only serves to mix and confuse the influences that are back of any creative work into an infinite number of permutations and combinations. To complicate matters further, there are the vestiges of national traits inherited from the different lands whence we have come, and the varying environments and personalities that have helped to mold the education of each individual; to all of these facts the composer of music is very susceptible.

The music of Howard Hanson-----an unquestionably American composer-----bears telling witness to all of these influences. In the first place, he is but one generation removed from Sweden, where both his parents were born in the province of Skane. The composer`s grandparents, Hans Hanson, Sr., and Per Munson Eckstrom, moved to the United States in the `seventies, both families setting in eastern Nebraska. Here the son and daughter of the two families, Hans Hanson, Jr. and Hilma Christina Eckstrom, marrid and made their home in the small Swedish Lutheran community of Wahoo, Nebraska, where their son, Howard, was born on October 28, 1896. Here he was brought up to the tunes associated with Martin Luther`s simple and austere hymns.

文献翻译译文：

晚宴之后，当各位演讲者和音乐评论家想要寻找一个合适的话题，让大家都能积极热烈地畅所欲言时，就总会问这样一个问题：“美国音乐的特点是什么?”从不同的角度出发，人人对美国音乐创作流派都有着不同的观点，但都无法充分证明有大量的音乐作品是基于自己所提出的原理创作而来的。要是我们能找到一个结合体来代表我们众多而多元化的人口形成的统一体，那么较后发现较合适的结合体一定来自美国这个众所周知的“大熔炉”。即使是在根据美国联邦宪政形成的政治统一体下，我们也不得不面对持续的斗争：东部与西部，北部与南部，城镇与乡村，还有山区与平原等不同地区之间所持观点变化无常，对经济的看法也各种各样。如果我们希冀美国的音乐呈现其本色，希望美国音乐诞生的重要背景能够获得真实的反映，那么在社会、气候还有种族等方面都有着各种各样的差异时，我们又如何能期望形成统一的音乐表达?毫无疑问，我们所生活的时代中，很少有人会在成人之后仍呆在自己出生的家乡。这种人口频繁流动的影响就会进一步加剧，促使各种创作型作品不断地重新排列与组合，激发出新的创意。而这并非是仅此导致差异的原因所在，我们祖先很久之前从不同地区来到美国时所拥有的本国国民性至今对我们仍有影响，此外每个人的教育背景也因不同的环境与个性而有所差异。而这些因素都会对音乐创作带来极大的影响。

霍华德·汉森无疑是带有美国特色的作曲家，他所创作的音乐就承载着这些因素所带来的影响。首先，他是来美国的第三代移民，父母都生于瑞典的斯科纳省。汉森的祖父老汉斯·汉森和曾祖父Per Munson Eckstrom七十年代携各自家族移民至美国，并均定居在东部的内布拉加斯州。就是在内布拉加斯，霍华德·汉森的父亲小汉斯·汉森和母亲希尔马·克里斯蒂娜·Eckstrom结婚并定居在该州瓦胡市一个很小的瑞典人聚集的路德教义社区。霍华德于1896年10月28日出生于此地，并从小就受马丁·路德金创作的简单朴素的赞美诗的熏陶。

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