北京较好的物理论文翻译公司--金笔佳文翻译案例

古典文学常见论文一词，谓交谈辞章或交流思想。当代，论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。

论文翻译原文：

characteristics of the nuclear taboo

The nuclear taboo refers to a de facto prohibition against the arst use of nu- clear weapons. The taboo is not the behavior (of nonuse) itself but rather the normative belief about the behavior. By “norm,” I mean a standard of right or wrong, a prescription or proscription for behavior “for a given identity.”13 A taboo is a particularly forceful kind of normative prohibition that is concerned with the protection of individuals and societies from behavior that is deaned or perceived to be dangerous. It typically refers to something that is not done, not said, or not touched.14

What makes the prohibition against using nuclear weapons a taboo rather than simply a norm? There are two elements to a taboo: its objective characteristics and its intersubjective, phenomenological aspect, that is, the meaning it has for people. Objectively, the nuclear taboo exhibits many, although not all, of the characteristics associated with taboos: it is a prohibition, it refers to danger, and it involves expectations of awful or uncertain consequences or sanctions if violated. Further, it is also a “bright line” norm: once the threshold between use and nonuse is crossed, one is immediately in a new world with all the unimaginable consequences that could follow.15 Finally, the nuclear taboo counteracts the deep attraction that nuclear weapons present to national leaders as the “ultimate weapon” and reminds them of the danger that lurks be- hind such weapons.16Several aspects of the nuclear prohibition, however, are decidedly unlike those of other taboos: it is not legalized (many taboos in modern society are), and it does not entirely prohibit the acquisition of taboo objects or overt preparations for their use (unlike, say, the Hindu taboo on eating beef). Under the 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), the vast majority of states are prohibited from acquiring or possessing nuclear weapons. The ave declared nuclear states (Britain, China, France, Russia, and the United States), however, are allowed by the treaty to possess nuclear weapons temporarily pending complete disarmament and to prepare to use them.17 Thus the nuclear prohibition departs in some ways from the objective characteristics of a taboo.

The nuclear taboo, however, also has an intersubjective or a phenomenological aspect: it is a taboo because people believe it to be. Political and military leaders themselves began using the term to refer to this normative perception starting in the early 1950s, even when, objectively, a tradition of nonuse hardly existed. If actors see the use of nuclear weapons as if it were a taboo, as their rhetoric suggests, then this could affect their choices and behavior. In the words of sociologists William and Dorothy Thomas, “If men deane situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”18 This subjective (and intersubjective) sense of “tabooness” is one of the factors that makes the tradition of nu- clear nonuse a taboo rather than simply a norm.

论文翻译译文：

核禁忌指的是一种对初次使用核武器实际上的禁止。该禁忌指的不是这种行为(不使用)本身，而是关于这种行为的规范信念。这里的“规范”我指的是一种对或错的标准，一种对于“给定特性”的行为的规定或禁止。13禁忌是一种特别强有力的规范禁止，与保护个人和社会免受被认定为或被认为是危险行为造成的伤害相关。它通常指的是一些不可做、不可说，或不可触碰的事情。14

是什么使得禁止使用核武器这一行为成为一种禁忌，而不是单纯的规范呢?禁忌有两个元素：主观特性，以及其主体间和现象方面的特性，即它对人的意义。客观来说，核禁忌显示出许多，但并非所有与禁忌相关的特性：它是一种禁令、它指的是危险事物，而且如有违反，它还涉及了对可怕的或不确定的结果或制裁的预期。而且，它也是一种“明线”规范：一旦逾越了使用与不使用之间的界限，那么就将置身于一个新的世界中，所有难以想象的结果都有可能发生。15较后，核禁忌抵消了核武器作为“终极武器”对一个国家领导人的巨大吸引力，并时刻提醒他们这种武器背后所隐藏的危险。16

然而，核禁止的好几个方面明显与那些其他禁忌不同：它不是合法的(现代社会中许多禁忌都是合法的)，而且它不能有效禁止禁忌对象的使用或有效禁止人们公开准备使用它们(例如，与印度人吃牛肉的禁忌不同)。在1968不扩散和武器条约(NPT)的影响下，大部分的国家都被禁止获取或掌控核武器。然而，条约暂时允许五个拥有核武器的国家(英国、中国、法国、俄罗斯和美国)持有核武器，等待彻底裁军，并允许这些国家适用核武器。17因此核禁令在某种程度上又与禁忌的主观特性相背离。

然而，核禁忌也有主观间和现象方面：它之所以能成为一种禁忌是因为人们相信它是一种禁忌。早在20世纪50年代，政治和军事领袖自己在提到该规范性看法时就使用了这一条款了，即便当时主观上几乎不存在不使用这一传统。如果行动者将核武器的使用当做一种禁忌，正如他们的言辞所述，那么这将会影响他们的选择与行为。用社会学家William和Dorothy Thomas的话来说，“如果将事态认定为真实的，那么它们的结果也会是真实的。”18这种主观(和主观间)的“禁忌”感是使得不使用核武器这一传统成为禁忌而非单纯的规范的原因之一。

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