金笔佳文翻译：论文翻译案例

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原文：

黑格尔对历史发展的动力的认识已经接近了一种科学的认识，具有合理性。但是，我们说他仅限于接近于正确的认识的原因就在于黑格尔对人及人的历史、人的活动的理解。虽然黑格尔把人理解为一种动态的人，同18世纪法国唯物主义相比是一种进步，但是黑格尔所理解的人还仅限于片面的人。同黑格尔相比，马克思所强调的则是一种总体的人。历史就是总体的人的生成过程，是人的现实活动的展开，是人类实践总体的现实的运动。因此，历史发展的动力就应直接与人的存在和人的活动密切相关，也就是说，历史发展的动力只能来自于

人自身，既不是某种超人的天意，也不是人之外的自然，它的核心只能是人的需要以及为满足这些需要而产生的人的活动—劳动、交往及其引起的分工，正是这种人的基本活动方式构成了历史演进的内在机制。

马克思说，“人的需要即人的本性”，人以其需要的无限性和广泛胜区别于其他一切动物。人与动物的区别在于，“动物的正常生存是在和同时的环境中给予的，它们在这个环境中生活并且适应于这个人类的正常生存，在他们刚刚从狭义的动物中分化出来的时候，还是有效没有的;人类的正常生存只是经过以后的历史的发展创造出来的。”所以，当人们自己开始生产他们所必需的生活资料的时候，他们就开始把自己和动物区别开来。也就是说，人与动物的根本区别在于动物的生命活动只是以本能的方式去适应环境，而人则以活动—实践的方式去改变世界。

译文：

What Is the Source of Driving Force Pushing Historical Development?

Hegel’s reasonable view about the driving force of historical development is next border to be scientific. However, the reason why we regard his view to be close to being correct is that Hegel’s understanding of man, its history as well as human being’s activities is partial. Although Hegel considers man as a dynamic man, a notion more advanced than that held by the materialism in 18th century in France, he still views man from a partial perspective. In comparison with Hegel, Marx emphasizes that man is a total man. History is of a generation process of total man, of an unfolding picture of man’s realistic activities, of the totality of man’s practices. Therefore, the driving force of historical development should be directly related to man’s existence and its activities. In other words, the only source of the driving force of historical development can but derive from man itself rather than the God’s will or the super nature. The core of the driving force only constitutes the needs of man and activity-labor, interaction and labor division based on man’s needs. It is man’s basic way of activities that consists of the internal mechanism of historical evolution.

“Man’s needs constitute man’s nature”, said Marx. Man differentiates itself from the rest of animals in terms of the infinite and vast needs. What makes the differences between man and animals is that the normal survival of animal is guaranteed by the environment they live in. They live in the environment and have to adapt to man’s normal existence, which they fail to do when they divide from the animal in a narrow sense. And man’s normal existence is born after years’ historical development. Thus, man differentiates themselves from the rest of animals the moment they began to produce the necessities by themselves. That’s to say, the fundamental distinction between man and animals lies in that animals can but adapt to the environment by instinct, while man transforms the world through activities - practices.

The animal adapt to the environment for the sake of survival while man transforms the Nature for a living. The implication of man’s life in the world is that life is created by them. They are developing themselves while creating the world. Man changes the life world through practices. In this sense, man alters the world from two aspects: objective criterion and man’s criterion so as to get the world to meet its needs while animals are only able to live based on the criteria of their own species. Production of animals is partial, while that of man is comprehensive. Animals only produce when they need it physically, while man can produce even without the physical needs, which is called “real production”. Animals can only breed animals, while man is capable of producing the entire Nature Animals’ production is directly related them physically while man can deal with their products at will. Animals often produce in line with their own criteria and needs while man has the ability of producing under a variety of criteria as well as applying the inherent criterion to the targets in all occasions. Hence, man, also engages in production in accordance with regulations. On the contrary, animals can but survive in line with their species criteria and manage to maintain their survival by adapting to the environment instinctively. Therefore, animals only replicate themselves without development from generation to generation.